Лицензия для вашего open-source проекта

в 8:36, , рубрики: open source, лицензии

В этой статье я хочу немного поговорить об авторском праве и свободных лицензиях на ПО. Текст является результатом самостоятельного выбора лицензий и их применения к своим проектам.
Статья будет полезна тем, кто хочет:
— в общих чертах понять, что такое авторское право (но лучше обратиться к юристу),
— подобрать свободную лицензию для своего проекта,
— разобраться, что нужно писать в шапке файла исходного кода.

Авторское право

Для начала коротко о том, что вообще такое авторское право и лицензии.

Meanwhile in Russia

Если вы в качестве результата интеллектуальной деятельности создали некое произведение (например, программу), то в этом случае вы — его автор(ы). Вы обладаете имущественными и неимущественными правами на это произведение. Имущественные права на это произведение вы можете передать и кому-то другому, но передать неимущественные, в том числе авторство, у вас уже не получится. Быть автором — это ваше неотчуждаемое и непередаваемое право.

Даже если вы при создании произведения работали «на дядю», то и в этом случае автор вовсе не некое абстрактное ООО. Возможно, когда вы устраивались на работу, то подписывали в том числе и пункт про «отчуждение исключительных прав на результаты вашей интеллектуальной деятельности в пользу работодателя» в договоре или что-то подобное. Возможно, нет (в этом случае гуглите "Служебное произведение"). В обоих случаях автор — вы. И обладаете некоторыми правами.

Лицензии

Другой способ передачи прав на произведение — лицензия. В этом случае права не отчуждаются, они передаются в соответствии с тем, что прописано в лицензионном договоре между пользователем и правообладателем. Да, лицензия — это именно договор! Все лицензии на ПО, как коммерческие, так и свободные, представляют из себя такой договор. В нем прописано, что вы можете и что не можете делать с ПО, и как далеко вас может послать правообладатель в случае претензий. Например, лицензия может дать вам право устанавливать программу, но ограничивать это право только одним компьютером, иначе к вам приедут дяди в масках и все отберут.

Обратите внимание на важный момент: если у вас достаточно прав на произведение, то вы можете распространять его под разными лицензиями (в том числе, одновременно). Например, на вашем сайте вы можете распространять программу бесплатно под свободной лицензией, а в каком-либо магазине приложений она может продаваться за деньги под их стандартной лицензией.

Также Вы можете сменить лицензию в любое время: например, сегодня у вас на сайте программа была бесплатной под свободной лицензией, а завтра она платная и с закрытыми исходниками. Но в этом случае вы не можете заставить пользователей, скачавших программу ранее, следовать нормам новой лицензии. Это логично, ведь они получили программу по другому договору.

В мире

В целом, вышеописанное применимо к большинству стран мира. Дело в том, что благодаря нескольким международным конвенциям, законы об авторском праве в мире схожи (но есть и некоторое число стран, не подписывавших конвенции). Однако, даже при этом отличия существуют. Например, в России неимущественные права не отчуждаются. А, скажем, в Канаде можно от них отказаться, но нельзя передать. Поэтому при возможности лучше всегда консультироваться с локальным юристом.

Свободные лицензии

Определяем определение

За поиском определения я отправлю желающих на Википедию, для чего дам ссылки сразу на несколько статей:

Это не потому, что я такой злой (хотя, велосипед у меня действительно отсутствует), а потому, что для термина свободная лицензия пока нет однозначного определения. Из указанных статей можно вывести примерно следующее:

Свободной лицензией является лицензия, которая соответствует неким критериям свободного ПО. Обычно используют либо определение свободного ПО, данное Ричардом Столлманом, либо критерии Debian по определению свободного программного обеспечения, сформулированные Брюсом Перенсом. Соответственно, те лицензии, которые не являются свободными — несвободные.

На мой личный взгляд, заморачиваться с конкретными определениями нет никакого смысла, мы ведь не политики (ну, по крайней мере, я). А с практической точки зрения, основная разница между свободными и несвободными лицензиями — в целях. Несвободные лицензии применяются с целью заработать и не дать на этом заработать конкурентам, свободные — с целью предоставить возможность безвозмездно пользоваться плодами вашего труда.

Copyleft

Перед тем как приступить к описанию лицензий, нужно разобраться, что такое копилефтные и разрешительные (пермиссивные, permissive) лицензии? Копилефтными считаются свободные лицензии, требующие распространять производные продукты под такой же лицензией. То есть, если вы использовали в своей программе библиотеку под копилефтной лицензией, то вам придется распространять вашу программу под ней же. Задача же разрешительных лицензий, напротив, разрешить любое возможное использование продукта.

Основные свободные лицензии

Большой список свободных лицензий можно найти на сайте GNU.
А здесь я приведу список лицензий, которые я считаю наиболее полезными и/или значимыми.

GPLv3 (GNU General Public License Version 3)
Текст лицензии

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License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.  The
work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".

  A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
consequence of further modification of the contributor version.  For
purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
this License.

  Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.

  In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement).  To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.

  If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
license to downstream recipients.  "Knowingly relying" means you have
actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.

  If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
work and works based on it.

  A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
specifically granted under this License.  You may not convey a covered
work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
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conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.

  Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.

  12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.

  If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.

  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.

  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
combined work, and to convey the resulting work.  The terms of this
License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.

  14. Revised Versions of this License.

  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
by the Free Software Foundation.

  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Program.

  Later license versions may give you additional or different
permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
later version.

  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.

  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  16. Limitation of Liability.

  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.

  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.

  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
copy of the Program in return for a fee.

                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>

    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".

  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.

Как применять лицензии GNU со своими программами
Самая известная из свободных лицензий. Не в том смысле, что все хорошо ее понимают, а в том, что она более всего на слуху. Так как она называется свободной, многие ошибочно считают, что код, выпущенный под GPL, можно использовать как угодно, а программы могут/должны быть только бесплатными. И то, и другое — неправда. GNU GPL — копилефтная лицензия, и требует, чтобы исходные коды производных работ были открытыми под ней же. То есть, если вы решите использовать библиотеку под GPL в вашем проекте, вам придется выложить исходники вашего проекта под GPL, что обычно неприемлемо для коммерческих разработок. И, тем не менее, продажа программы лицензией разрешается. Но, кроме всего прочего, вы обязуетесь распространять еще и исходные коды программы. Делать это можно как вместе с программой, так и отдельно. Во втором случае бинарная версия программы должна содержать четкие инструкции по получению исходных кодов.

LGPLv3 (GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3, в девичестве GNU Library General Public License)
Текст лицензии

                   GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                       Version 3, 29 June 2007

 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.


  This version of the GNU Lesser General Public License incorporates
the terms and conditions of version 3 of the GNU General Public
License, supplemented by the additional permissions listed below.

  0. Additional Definitions.

  As used herein, "this License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, and the "GNU GPL" refers to version 3 of the GNU
General Public License.

  "The Library" refers to a covered work governed by this License,
other than an Application or a Combined Work as defined below.

  An "Application" is any work that makes use of an interface provided
by the Library, but which is not otherwise based on the Library.
Defining a subclass of a class defined by the Library is deemed a mode
of using an interface provided by the Library.

  A "Combined Work" is a work produced by combining or linking an
Application with the Library.  The particular version of the Library
with which the Combined Work was made is also called the "Linked
Version".

  The "Minimal Corresponding Source" for a Combined Work means the
Corresponding Source for the Combined Work, excluding any source code
for portions of the Combined Work that, considered in isolation, are
based on the Application, and not on the Linked Version.

  The "Corresponding Application Code" for a Combined Work means the
object code and/or source code for the Application, including any data
and utility programs needed for reproducing the Combined Work from the
Application, but excluding the System Libraries of the Combined Work.

  1. Exception to Section 3 of the GNU GPL.

  You may convey a covered work under sections 3 and 4 of this License
without being bound by section 3 of the GNU GPL.

  2. Conveying Modified Versions.

  If you modify a copy of the Library, and, in your modifications, a
facility refers to a function or data to be supplied by an Application
that uses the facility (other than as an argument passed when the
facility is invoked), then you may convey a copy of the modified
version:

   a) under this License, provided that you make a good faith effort to
   ensure that, in the event an Application does not supply the
   function or data, the facility still operates, and performs
   whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful, or

   b) under the GNU GPL, with none of the additional permissions of
   this License applicable to that copy.

  3. Object Code Incorporating Material from Library Header Files.

  The object code form of an Application may incorporate material from
a header file that is part of the Library.  You may convey such object
code under terms of your choice, provided that, if the incorporated
material is not limited to numerical parameters, data structure
layouts and accessors, or small macros, inline functions and templates
(ten or fewer lines in length), you do both of the following:

   a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the object code that the
   Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
   covered by this License.

   b) Accompany the object code with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
   document.

  4. Combined Works.

  You may convey a Combined Work under terms of your choice that,
taken together, effectively do not restrict modification of the
portions of the Library contained in the Combined Work and reverse
engineering for debugging such modifications, if you also do each of
the following:

   a) Give prominent notice with each copy of the Combined Work that
   the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are
   covered by this License.

   b) Accompany the Combined Work with a copy of the GNU GPL and this license
   document.

   c) For a Combined Work that displays copyright notices during
   execution, include the copyright notice for the Library among
   these notices, as well as a reference directing the user to the
   copies of the GNU GPL and this license document.

   d) Do one of the following:

       0) Convey the Minimal Corresponding Source under the terms of this
       License, and the Corresponding Application Code in a form
       suitable for, and under terms that permit, the user to
       recombine or relink the Application with a modified version of
       the Linked Version to produce a modified Combined Work, in the
       manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL for conveying
       Corresponding Source.

       1) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking with the
       Library.  A suitable mechanism is one that (a) uses at run time
       a copy of the Library already present on the user's computer
       system, and (b) will operate properly with a modified version
       of the Library that is interface-compatible with the Linked
       Version.

   e) Provide Installation Information, but only if you would otherwise
   be required to provide such information under section 6 of the
   GNU GPL, and only to the extent that such information is
   necessary to install and execute a modified version of the
   Combined Work produced by recombining or relinking the
   Application with a modified version of the Linked Version. (If
   you use option 4d0, the Installation Information must accompany
   the Minimal Corresponding Source and Corresponding Application
   Code. If you use option 4d1, you must provide the Installation
   Information in the manner specified by section 6 of the GNU GPL
   for conveying Corresponding Source.)

  5. Combined Libraries.

  You may place library facilities that are a work based on the
Library side by side in a single library together with other library
facilities that are not Applications and are not covered by this
License, and convey such a combined library under terms of your
choice, if you do both of the following:

   a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based
   on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities,
   conveyed under the terms of this License.

   b) Give prominent notice with the combined library that part of it
   is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the
   accompanying uncombined form of the same work.

  6. Revised Versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License.

  The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the GNU Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

  Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Library as you received it specifies that a certain numbered version
of the GNU Lesser General Public License "or any later version"
applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that published version or of any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library as you
received it does not specify a version number of the GNU Lesser
General Public License, you may choose any version of the GNU Lesser
General Public License ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

  If the Library as you received it specifies that a proxy can decide
whether future versions of the GNU Lesser General Public License shall
apply, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of any version is
permanent authorization for you to choose that version for the
Library.

Как применять лицензии GNU со своими программами
LGPL — это надстройка над GPL, и требует ее наличия в проекте. Отличие LGPL от обычной GPL заключается в том, что библиотеки под этой лицензией разрешается использовать для создания программ под другими лицензиями путем компоновки. Динамическая компоновка не требует открывать исходные коды. Со статической компоновкой сложнее, при ее использовании необходимо предоставлять вашу программу в объектной форме (исходные коды не обязательны), для того чтобы пользователь мог сам изменить библиотеку и перелинковать бинарник. GNU рекомендует применять эту лицензию только в том случае, если применение вместо нее обычной GPL приведет к тому, что библиотеку перестанут использовать, заменив на аналогичную.

MIT
Текст лицензии

 Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
 "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
 without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
 distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
 permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
 the following conditions:
 
 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
 THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
 CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
 TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
 SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

Существует миф, что лицензия MIT существует. Дело в том, что MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) использовал много разных лицензий. Тот текст, который сейчас называют лицензией MIT, в оригинале являлся лицензией Expat, а еще ранее составлял большую часть лицензии X11. Эта лицензия — разрешительная, без копилефта. Она разрешает использование и изменение кода практически любым образом, при условии, что текст самой лицензии и указание авторства никуда не исчезнут, даже если вы разобьете изначальный проект на части. Также неоспоримое достоинство этой лицензии — небольшой размер. В качестве недостатка отмечают отсутствие регулирования патентных отношений. Поэтому вместо нее GNU рекомендуют использовать другую разрешительную лицензию — Apache 2.0. Тем не менее, из разрешительных лицензий эта, пожалуй, самая известная. И вполне подходит для небольших проектов.

Для ее применения к своему проекту создайте текстовый файл LICENSE и поместите текст лицензии туда, а также не забудьте заменить данные в строке с копирайтом на верные. Многие дополнительно указывают полный текст лицензии в шапке каждого файла исходного кода.

Apache 2.0
Текст лицензии

                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/

   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION

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      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.

   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.

      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
      identification within third-party archives.

   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.

Наиболее современная и сбалансированная из разрешительных лицензий. Написана человеческим языком, но с оглядкой на современное правоприменение, в частности, упомянутые выше патентные отношения (пункт 3 лицензии). GNU советуют применять именно эту лицензию, когда вам необходима разрешительная лицензия.

Для применения лицензии Apache 2.0 к вашему проекту, добавьте в качестве шапки в каждый файл исходного кода следующий текст:

Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.

Не забудьте заменить данные в строке с копирайтом на верные. Также нужно добавить в проект файл LICENSE, содержащий текст лицензии, и, при необходимости, файл NOTICE. Такая необходимость может возникнуть, если в вашей работе вы используете чужой проект под лицензией Apache 2.0, содержащий свой файл NOTICE. В этом случае вы обязаны копировать в производную работу содержимое файла NOTICE, в одно из трех мест: либо в аналогичный файл NOTICE, либо в исходные коды или документацию, распространяемую вместе с производной работой, либо в вывод производной работы (например в about-диалог); все согласно пункту 4 (d) лицензии. Заметьте, что, вопреки расхожему мнению, лицензия не требует обязательного наличия файла NOTICE.

При распространении в бинарной форме вы также должны предоставлять копию лицензии.

BSD
Текст лицензии

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:

    (1) Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 

    (2) Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
    distribution.  
    
    (3)The name of the author may not be used to
    endorse or promote products derived from this software without
    specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

Это разрешительная лицензия, схожая по смыслу с лицензией MIT. Оригинальная лицензия BSD состояла из 4-х пунктов, но, впоследствии, 3-й пункт, требовавший включать уведомление об авторстве во все рекламные материалы, был исключен. При этом, и та и другая версия лицензии официально называются «лицензия BSD», из-за чего GNU советуют вместо лицензии BSD использовать MIT, чтобы исключить путаницу.

Для ее применения к своему проекту создайте текстовый файл LICENSE и поместите текст лицензии туда. Не забудьте добавить строку с копирайтом. Также, дополнительно можно указать полный текст лицензии в шапке каждого файла исходного кода.

При распространении в бинарной форме лицензия и копирайт должны быть представлены в документации и/или других материалах, распространяемых вместе с бинарником.

Общественное достояние (Public Domain)

Это, конечно же, не лицензия. Но многие рассматривают перевод произведения в общественное достояние как способ сложить с себя имущественные права. Периодически люди пытаются сделать это и в отношении программ. Обычно просто пишут, что проект находится в Public Domain и радуются, что все смогут им пользоваться. Но на самом деле это не так! В разных странах общественное достояние разное. Причем, в большинстве из них закон явно не предусматривает механизмов для перевода произведения в общественное достояние по желанию автора! Например, в России переход в общественное достояние определен только по истечению срока действия защиты авторского права. В США, насколько мне известно, досрочной процедуры тоже не предусмотрено. Кроме того, могут быть сложности и с использованием произведений, находящихся в общественном достоянии. Скажем, в Уругвае, для того, чтобы использовать произведение из общественного достояния, вам понадобится уплатить пошлину государству и получить разрешение специальной комиссии, которая удостоверится, что вы не будете использовать данное произведение как-то непотребно (правда, я не знаю, работает ли все это в отношении программ). Вследствие подобных нюансов, появились лицензии подобные следующей.

CC0 (Creative Commons CC0)
Текст лицензии

     CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT
     PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT DOES NOT
     CREATE AN ATTORNEY-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP. CREATIVE COMMONS PROVIDES
     THIS INFORMATION ON AN "AS-IS" BASIS. CREATIVE COMMONS MAKES NO
     WARRANTIES REGARDING THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION
     OR WORKS PROVIDED HEREUNDER, AND DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES
     RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENT OR THE INFORMATION OR
     WORKS PROVIDED HEREUNDER.

Statement of Purpose

The laws of most jurisdictions throughout the world automatically
confer exclusive Copyright and Related Rights (defined below) upon the
creator and subsequent owner(s) (each and all, an "owner") of an
original work of authorship and/or a database (each, a "Work").

Certain owners wish to permanently relinquish those rights to a Work
for the purpose of contributing to a commons of creative, cultural and
scientific works ("Commons") that the public can reliably and without
fear of later claims of infringement build upon, modify, incorporate
in other works, reuse and redistribute as freely as possible in any
form whatsoever and for any purposes, including without limitation
commercial purposes. These owners may contribute to the Commons to
promote the ideal of a free culture and the further production of
creative, cultural and scientific works, or to gain reputation or
greater distribution for their Work in part through the use and
efforts of others.

For these and/or other purposes and motivations, and without any
expectation of additional consideration or compensation, the person
associating CC0 with a Work (the "Affirmer"), to the extent that he or
she is an owner of Copyright and Related Rights in the Work,
voluntarily elects to apply CC0 to the Work and publicly distribute
the Work under its terms, with knowledge of his or her Copyright and
Related Rights in the Work and the meaning and intended legal effect
of CC0 on those rights.

1. Copyright and Related Rights. A Work made available under CC0 may
be protected by copyright and related or neighboring rights
("Copyright and Related Rights"). Copyright and Related Rights
include, but are not limited to, the following:

    the right to reproduce, adapt, distribute, perform, display,
    communicate, and translate a Work; moral rights retained by the
    original author(s) and/or performer(s); publicity and privacy
    rights pertaining to a person's image or likeness depicted in a
    Work; rights protecting against unfair competition in regards to a
    Work, subject to the limitations in paragraph 4(a), below; rights
    protecting the extraction, dissemination, use and reuse of data in
    a Work; database rights (such as those arising under Directive
    96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March
    1996 on the legal protection of databases, and under any national
    implementation thereof, including any amended or successor version
    of such directive); and other similar, equivalent or corresponding
    rights throughout the world based on applicable law or treaty, and
    any national implementations thereof.

2. Waiver. To the greatest extent permitted by, but not in
contravention of, applicable law, Affirmer hereby overtly, fully,
permanently, irrevocably and unconditionally waives, abandons, and
surrenders all of Affirmer's Copyright and Related Rights and
associated claims and causes of action, whether now known or unknown
(including existing as well as future claims and causes of action), in
the Work (i) in all territories worldwide, (ii) for the maximum
duration provided by applicable law or treaty (including future time
extensions), (iii) in any current or future medium and for any number
of copies, and (iv) for any purpose whatsoever, including without
limitation commercial, advertising or promotional purposes (the
"Waiver"). Affirmer makes the Waiver for the benefit of each member of
the public at large and to the detriment of Affirmer's heirs and
successors, fully intending that such Waiver shall not be subject to
revocation, rescission, cancellation, termination, or any other legal
or equitable action to disrupt the quiet enjoyment of the Work by the
public as contemplated by Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose.

3. Public License Fallback. Should any part of the Waiver for any
reason be judged legally invalid or ineffective under applicable law,
then the Waiver shall be preserved to the maximum extent permitted
taking into account Affirmer's express Statement of Purpose. In
addition, to the extent the Waiver is so judged Affirmer hereby grants
to each affected person a royalty-free, non transferable, non
sublicensable, non exclusive, irrevocable and unconditional license to
exercise Affirmer's Copyright and Related Rights in the Work (i) in
all territories worldwide, (ii) for the maximum duration provided by
applicable law or treaty (including future time extensions), (iii) in
any current or future medium and for any number of copies, and (iv)
for any purpose whatsoever, including without limitation commercial,
advertising or promotional purposes (the "License"). The License shall
be deemed effective as of the date CC0 was applied by Affirmer to the
Work. Should any part of the License for any reason be judged legally
invalid or ineffective under applicable law, such partial invalidity
or ineffectiveness shall not invalidate the remainder of the License,
and in such case Affirmer hereby affirms that he or she will not (i)
exercise any of his or her remaining Copyright and Related Rights in
the Work or (ii) assert any associated claims and causes of action
with respect to the Work, in either case contrary to Affirmer's
express Statement of Purpose.

4. Limitations and Disclaimers.

    No trademark or patent rights held by Affirmer are waived,
    abandoned, surrendered, licensed or otherwise affected by this
    document.  Affirmer offers the Work as-is and makes no
    representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Work,
    express, implied, statutory or otherwise, including without
    limitation warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a
    particular purpose, non infringement, or the absence of latent or
    other defects, accuracy, or the present or absence of errors,
    whether or not discoverable, all to the greatest extent
    permissible under applicable law.  Affirmer disclaims
    responsibility for clearing rights of other persons that may apply
    to the Work or any use thereof, including without limitation any
    person's Copyright and Related Rights in the Work. Further,
    Affirmer disclaims responsibility for obtaining any necessary
    consents, permissions or other rights required for any use of the
    Work.  Affirmer understands and acknowledges that Creative Commons
    is not a party to this document and has no duty or obligation with
    respect to this CC0 or use of the Work.

Creative Commons CC0 — лицензия, которая пытается перевести проект в общественное достояние в максимальной форме, разрешенной законом. А если закон не позволяет это совершить, автоматически применяет положения разрешительной лицензии. GNU рекомендует применять CC0 в том случае, если вы хотите перевести вашу работу в общественное достояние.

Про применение CC0 к проекту можно прочитать в этой статье.

Copyright в исходниках

Наверное, вы заметили, что многие лицензии предлагают размещать определенный текст в виде комментария в шапке файла? Если это является обязательным требованием, то тогда ему нужно следовать. Но насколько необходим подобный текст, если явного требования лицензия не предъявляет?

Хорошие новости: в таком случае лицензию и даже копирайт совершенно не обязательно указывать в шапке файла. Ваша работа и так ваша, для подтверждения этого указывать копирайт нет необходимости. Подтверждать авторство или обладание правами вам все равно придется другими способами, а текст лицензии может находиться в отдельном файле.

Но все же такой заголовок лучше иметь. Основные причины следующие:

  • Он четко показывает, что права на код кому-то принадлежат. Отмазки вида «я не знал, там не написано, не смог найти, не заметил» уже не прокатят. Иначе говоря, наличие такого заголовка предотвращает случайное неправомерное использование кода, а также может увеличить ответственность за намеренное.
  • Дает возможность идентифицировать владельца прав на код, чтобы связаться с ним в том числе и по вопросам правомерности использования этого кода.

Между прочим, это имеет смысл не только для open-source проекта. Указание владельца прав и авторства может помочь и проприетарному коду в том случае, если он каким-либо образом утечет в сеть.

Если вы решили, что уведомление о правах на файл исходного кода вам необходимо, то вот что оно должно содержать в идеале:

  • Copyright — так как в некоторых странах одного символа копирайта недостаточно для юридической значимости уведомления.
  • © — символ копирайта, в большинстве стран он необходим и достаточен для придания юридической значимости уведомлению. Простой буквы c в скобках ( c ) для этого может быть недостаточно. Используйте уже Unicode!
  • 2007, 2009, 2010 – 2012 — «годы жизни» кода, первое число — год, когда продукт был впервые опубликован, далее — годы, когда код обновлялся. Если годы, когда код в файле правился, идут не подряд, то их нужно указывать через запятую.
  • John Doe — имя владельца авторских прав. Не автора, это могут быть разные лица! Может быть именем человека, названием компании, или именами нескольких человек. Правда, в последнем случае лучше сделать отдельную строчку на каждого человека.
  • All rights reserved — «все права защищены», означает, что указанные лица обладают всеми правами на код. Дополнительное усиление уведомления копирайта, в случае обладания исключительными правами.
  • Если возможно, то дать ссылку на лицензионный договор или указание, где его искать.
  • Указать контактные данные.

Обратите внимание, что имя автора в уведомление не входит. Автора/авторов можно указать отдельно, например, на следующей строке, в свободной форме (например Author: Jane Doe).

Ну и, на всякий случай, примеры

// Copyright © 2022 John Doe. All rights reserved.

// Copyright © 2022-2096 Acme Corporation. All rights reserved.
// Author: John Doe

// Copyright © 2022 John Doe
// Copyright © 2023-2028 Jane Doe
// Copyright © 2028-2096 Acme Corporation. Contacts: <acme@example.com>
// License: http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT

Заключение

Разместить ваш проект в интернете и написать «пользуйтесь все!» еще недостаточно для того, чтобы им действительно начали пользоваться. И речь не о рекламе или полезности конкретного проекта. Часто необходимо четкое понимание, как можно и как нельзя использовать проект, особенно, если цели использования — коммерческие. В том числе, слова «пользуйтесь все» вряд ли удастся представить договором с правообладателем в случае каких-либо проблем.

При выборе лицензии задумайтесь, в первую очередь, о том, что лицензию вы пишете в большей степени не для себя, а для тех, кто вашим кодом будет пользоваться. Она регулирует ваши отношения с ними. Кто будет использовать ваш код? Как они будут его использовать? Какая из лицензий будет им удобнее? Какие проблемы из-за лицензии могут возникнуть у них? А у вас? Ответив на подобные вопросы, можно подобрать наилучшую лицензию.

В свою очередь, если вы используете чужой проект в своих целях, то нужно понять ограничения, накладываемые на вас его лицензией. Подходят ли они вам, сможете ли вы выполнить эти требования?

Лицензия, даже свободная, является договором между правообладателем и пользователем. Старайтесь рассматривать это именно так.

Материалы

  1. Право интеллектуальной собственности. Шпаргалка, Коллектив авторов
  2. Служебное произведение, Википедия
  3. Moral rights, Википедия
  4. Лицензия на программное обеспечение, Википедия
  5. Определение свободного программного обеспечения, Википедия
  6. Критерии Debian по определению свободного программного обеспечения, Википедия
  7. Свободная лицензия, Википедия
  8. Проприетарное программное обеспечение, Википедия
  9. Ричард Столлман, Википедия
  10. Брюс Перенс, Википедия
  11. Открытое программное обеспечение, Википедия
  12. Разрешительная лицензия свободного ПО, Википедия
  13. Various licenses and comments about them/Различные лицензии и комментарии к ним
  14. Копилефт, Википедия
  15. Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensingб Andrew M. St. Laurent
  16. GNU Lesser General Public License, Википедия
  17. Почему вам не следует применять Меньшую GPL для своей следующей библиотеки
  18. Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses
  19. Как применять лицензии GNU со своими программами
  20. Лицензия BSD, Википедия
  21. Общественное достояние
  22. Ley 9.739, Propiedad literaria y artistica
  23. Uruguay: Dominio Público pero Pagante
  24. Managing copyright information within a free software project
  25. Using copyright notices
  26. Get rid of source code templates

Автор: marked-one

Источник

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